The world’s CO2 emissions are set to proceed rising for many years until there’s larger ambition on local weather change, regardless of the “profound shifts” already underway within the international vitality system.
That is likely one of the key messages from the Worldwide Power Company’s (IEA) World Power Outlook 2019, printed in the present day. This yr’s 810-page version is notable for its renamed central “Said Insurance policies State of affairs” (STEPS), previously referred to as the “New Insurance policies State of affairs”.
On this state of affairs, which goals to reflect the result of insurance policies already set out by governments, a surge in wind and solar energy would see renewable sources of vitality assembly the vast majority of will increase in international vitality demand. However a plateau for coal, together with rising demand for oil and fuel, would imply international emissions proceed to rise all through the outlook interval to 2040.
In distinction, the report’s “Sustainable Growth State of affairs” (SDS) units out what could be required to offer a 50% probability of limiting warming to 1.65C, which the IEA describes as “absolutely in keeping with the Paris Settlement”.
It says the SDS would require a “vital reallocation” of funding away from fossil fuels in direction of effectivity and renewables, in addition to the retirement of round half the world’s fleet of coal-fired energy stations and different adjustments throughout the worldwide financial system.
The IEA has this yr additionally explored, however not modelled intimately, what it will take to restrict warming to not more than 1.5C above pre-industrial temperatures, the aspirational purpose of the Paris Settlement.
Future eventualities
The World Power Outlook (WEO) is likely one of the most closely scrutinised paperwork within the annual calendar of publications on the subject. Its a whole bunch of pages of study are based mostly on 1000’s of datapoints, drawn from governments all over the world, in addition to the IEA’s World Power Mannequin.
The IEA says that it doesn’t make forecasts in its outlook. As a substitute, it presents the implications of societal vitality “decisions” when it comes to CO2 emissions and different outcomes. The report explains:
“The World Power Outlook doesn’t purpose to supply a view on the place the vitality world can be in 2030 or 2040. It will rely upon massively vital decisions that lie forward. What the WEO-2019 does purpose to do is to tell decision-makers as they design new insurance policies or contemplate new investments or form our vitality future in different methods. It does so by exploring varied attainable futures, the ways in which they arrive about, the implications of various decisions and among the key uncertainties.”
The outlook spans three various “futures”, set out within the introduction and described in a weblog, printed forward of the report’s launch, on “understanding the WEO eventualities”.
The outlook’s central state of affairs is STEPS, which has “the intention to ‘maintain up a mirror’ to the plans and ambitions introduced by policymakers with out making an attempt to anticipate how these plans may change in future”. This contains the Paris local weather pledges made by governments. The IEA doesn’t assume that each one coverage objectives can be met, nonetheless:
“[A]mbitions will not be robotically integrated into the state of affairs: full implementation can’t be taken with no consideration, so the prospects and timing for his or her realisation are based mostly upon our evaluation of the related regulatory, market, infrastructure and monetary constraints.”
Said insurance policies embrace some net-zero emissions objectives, resembling the UK’s. Comparable objectives agreed or beneath dialogue, together with within the EU, cowl 12% of worldwide emissions, the IEA says. This makes the targets vital, however not decisive, when it comes to tackling the worldwide emissions. However the IEA says there might be bigger knock-on results because of the applied sciences and approaches developed to satisfy net-zero targets, which might assist others to additionally reduce emissions.
The second WEO future is the “Sustainable Growth State of affairs” or SDS. It is a completely different sort of state of affairs that begins from sustainable improvement objectives on vitality entry, air air pollution and CO2 emissions earlier than working backwards to indicate what could be wanted to succeed in them.
Lastly, the “Present Insurance policies State of affairs” (CPS) would see governments renege on their acknowledged objectives and intentions, with the vitality system guided solely by insurance policies and legal guidelines which can be already in place.
This yr’s outlook continues to characteristic the CPS in its textual content, charts and knowledge. However it’s afforded decrease precedence, with the phrase “present insurance policies state of affairs” used 102 occasions over 810 pages – far much less typically than the 793 mentions of the STEPS or the 535 for the SDS. The outlook says the CPS highlights the implications of inaction and the extent of effort required to satisfy even the STEPS pathway.
(For comparability, the CPS is talked about 340 occasions within the WEO 2010, towards 981 makes use of of the then-central NPS and 745 mentions of the “450 state of affairs”.)
Rising demand
On the idea of acknowledged plans and insurance policies all over the world, the IEA says that international vitality wants will proceed to rise by 1% per yr till 2040, including demand equal to China’s present whole.
This progress is pushed by a rising inhabitants – based mostly on the UN’s “medium” projections to succeed in 9 billion individuals by 2040 – and an increasing financial system, with international GDP growing by 3.4% a yr, per Worldwide Financial Fund projections.
The speed of vitality demand progress is round half the typical fee of two% seen since 2000, the IEA says, as a consequence of shifts in direction of much less energy-intensive industries, vitality effectivity features and “saturation results” – for instance, the place demand for automobiles reaches a peak.
Some 49% of demand progress could be met by renewables within the STEPS, as proven with the pink line within the chart, beneath. Fuel use can be anticipated to rise quickly (blue), overtaking coal to turn into the second-largest supply of vitality after oil and assembly a 3rd of the rise in total demand.
International main vitality demand by gasoline, tens of millions of tonnes of oil equal, between 1990 and 2040. Future demand is predicated on the STEPS. Different renewables contains photo voltaic, wind, geothermal and marine. Supply: IEA World Power Outlook 2019. Chart by Carbon Temporary utilizing Highcharts.
In distinction to the fast features for fuel and renewables, the IEA STEPS sees coal use plateau after which decline barely from in the present day’s ranges (black line above). This confirms final yr’s evaluation that international coal demand peaked in 2014.
The IEA now additionally means that oil demand will begin to stage off by the 2030s (orange line) on account of automobile fuel-efficiency features and the rise of electrical autos (EVs), which see passenger automotive oil demand peak within the “late 2020s”. There are “profound questions” over the way forward for typical automobiles, it says, given falling prices for EVs.
Oil demand for freight, transport, aviation and chemical substances “continues to develop”, the IEA says, with the rising reputation of SUVs one other potential issue propping up demand. (Notably, documentation for the Saudi Aramco share sale additionally has international oil demand levelling off from round 2035.)
The worldwide rise of SUVs is difficult efforts to scale back emissions.
If the urge for food for heavier & greater automobiles continues to develop at the same tempo to the previous decade, this may add almost 2m barrels a day in international oil demand by 2040.
— Fatih Birol (@IEABirol) November 13, 2019
Some two-thirds of the rise in international vitality demand to 2040 comes from the Asia Pacific area, beneath the IEA STEPS. India turns into the world’s most populous nation and its vitality demand doubles, making it the only largest contributor to international progress and accounting for greater than 1 / 4 of the whole improve.
Inside this whole, the STEPS sees rising coal demand from Asian nations offset giant declines within the US and Europe. The IEA says:
“Coal is the incumbent in most creating Asian nations: new funding choices in coal-using infrastructure have slowed sharply, however the giant inventory of current coal-using energy crops and factories…gives coal with appreciable endurance within the STEPS.”
Shifting shares
The rise of renewables anticipated beneath the STEPS to 2040 is demonstrative of the “profound shifts” described by the IEA, but it additionally factors to the “gradual shifting” nature of the worldwide vitality system, as exemplified by the lengthy, excessive plateau in demand for coal.
These shifting shares of demand progress are proven within the chart, beneath, with coal, oil and fuel (shades of blue) having met many of the historic will increase in vitality use (leftmost columns).
Whereas the STEPS maps a future the place renewables meet half of the rise in demand to 2040, and the tempo of progress slows as a consequence of shifting financial components and vitality effectivity (central columns), it stays effectively wanting placing a cap on international CO2 emissions (see dialogue beneath).
If will increase in international temperatures are to be stopped, then much more decisive adjustments can be required, as proven within the instance of the IEA SDS (rightmost columns).
Common annual change in international vitality demand, by gasoline, million tonnes of oil equal. Left: historic adjustments. Centre: IEA STEPS. Proper: IEA SDS. Supply: IEA World Power Outlook 2019. Chart by Carbon Temporary utilizing Highcharts.
The rising portion of demand progress met by renewables sees the fossil gasoline share of worldwide vitality use decline from 81% in 2018 to 74% in 2040 beneath the STEPS, or 58% beneath the SDS.
Shifting from the STEPS to the SDS would require a variety of adjustments, most of which have lengthy been on the agenda for policymakers. Because the report explains:
“The worldwide worth of fossil gasoline consumption subsidies in 2018 was nearly double the mixed worth of subsidies to renewable vitality and electrical autos and the income from carbon pricing schemes all over the world. This imbalance tremendously complicates the duty of attaining an early peak in emissions.”
By the 2030s, funding in fossil fuels with out carbon seize would halve within the SDS, relative to the typical throughout 2014-2018. On the identical time, funding in renewables, electrical energy networks and nuclear would roughly double and spending on vitality effectivity would almost quadruple.
This displays the truth that vitality effectivity is the only most vital consider tackling emissions, the IEA says, which means that total demand in 2040 beneath the SDS is barely beneath in the present day’s ranges.
It says “the potential for effectivity enhancements to assist the world meet its sustainable vitality objectives is huge” and it has convened a International Fee for Pressing Motion on Power Effectivity to spice up progress.
Partially, this can be a response to knowledge displaying that effectivity enhancements are drying up and 2018 noticed the slowest fee since 2010, with this “faltering momentum” a trigger for “deep concern”. It cites “a relative lack of recent vitality effectivity insurance policies and of efforts to tighten current measures”.
The @IEA World Power Outlook is out in the present day and reveals as soon as once more the crucial position of vitality effectivity for attaining carbon objectives. https://t.co/c48Vw4Az5d pic.twitter.com/CZrzErEToP
— Jan Rosenow (@janrosenow) November 13, 2019
Decrease demand has knock-on penalties, notably when mixed with extra fast progress from renewables. Notably, demand for coal, oil and fuel progressively declines beneath the SDS, with coal going through notably giant reductions (gray chunks within the rightmost columns, above).
Inside this whole, the IEA means that coal use within the energy sector could be hardest hit. It says that greater than half of present coal-fired energy stations would retire by 2040 within the SDS, representing a fleet bigger than China’s present capability.
With half of retirements coming earlier than the tip of their helpful lives, among the $1tn of capital invested on this planet’s current coal fleet could be put in danger, if warming is stored beneath 2C. Some 98% of the 222 gigawatts (GW) of coal in Europe and 88% of the 276GW within the US would shut.
Beneath the SDS, the remaining coal crops would principally have to be “repurposed or retrofitted”, the IEA says. This implies they’d both function restricted hours, throughout peaks in demand and troughs in renewable output, or would face substantial investments to suit carbon seize and storage (CCS) expertise to stop their CO2 emissions.
This yr’s outlook comprises new evaluation on the methane launched throughout coal mining, which it suggests has a larger warming influence than aviation and transport mixed.
CO2 emissions
Within the STEPS, international CO2 emissions from vitality would proceed to rise from the report stage they reached in 2018, placing the world on observe for upwards of two.7C of warming this century. This emissions trajectory is proven with the dashed black line within the chart, beneath.
In distinction, CO2 declines rapidly within the SDS (thick pink line) to 17% beneath 2010 ranges by 2030, 48% by 2040 and 68% by 2050. In response to the IEA, that is “on track for net-zero emissions by 2070” and corresponds to a 50% probability of limiting warming to 1.65C, or a 66% probability of 1.8C.
This trajectory is much less bold than most pathways to 1.5C with no or restricted overshoot (yellow strains, beneath). In its particular report on 1.5C, the Intergovernmental Panel on Local weather Change (IPCC) stated this would want CO2 to fall 45% beneath 2010 ranges by 2030 and to net-zero by 2050.
International CO2 emissions from vitality and industrial processes up to now (stable black line) and beneath a variety of various eventualities for the long run: IEA STEPS (dashed black); IEA SDS (thick pink line); IPCC pathways limiting warming to 1.5C this century with no or restricted temperature overshoot (skinny yellow strains); pathways to 1.5C with excessive overshoot (blue); and IPCC 2C pathways (gray). Values beneath zero point out unfavourable emissions, the place residual CO2 from vitality and business is greater than offset by removals, right here primarily bioenergy with carbon seize and storage (BECCS). Supply: IEA World Power Outlook 2019 and Carbon Temporary evaluation of the database for the IPCC particular report on 1.5C of warming. Chart by Carbon Temporary utilizing Highcharts.
In response to the IEA, the SDS charts “a path absolutely aligned with the Paris Settlement by holding the rise in international temperatures to ‘effectively beneath 2C…and pursuing efforts to restrict [it] to 1.5C’”. It additionally gives two choices for going past the SDS to maintain warming beneath 1.5C.
This type of phrases implies both that “pursue” means to move in direction of a purpose, with out essentially reaching it, or that the SDS is aligned with 1.5C – as long as it’s accompanied by further motion.
Together with the WEO’s central concentrate on the STEPS pathway, the assertion on Paris “alignment” is on the coronary heart of criticism from a bunch of NGOs, scientists, enterprise teams and others. In an April letter, they known as for the IEA to develop a state of affairs with a 66% probability of limiting warming to 1.5C.
One of many letter’s authors, Dr Joeri Rogelj, a lecturer in local weather change and the setting on the Grantham Institute at Imperial School London, says the SDS is “inconsistent with 1.5C and a number of other points of the Paris Settlement”.
Rogelj was a coordinating lead writer on chapter two of the IPCC particular report on 1.5C and is a lead writer for working group one on the IPCC’s forthcoming sixth evaluation report.
He tells Carbon Temporary that there are at the very least two potential interpretations of the Paris ambition to “pursue efforts in direction of 1.5C”. One is that of limiting peak warming to 1.5C and the opposite is overshooting this stage earlier than returning beneath 1.5C, Rogelj says: “Planning to easily miss it isn’t an affordable interpretation for a state of affairs that wishes to be absolutely aligned with the Paris Settlement.”
He additionally factors to Article 4 of the deal, which commits to reaching a “steadiness” between human sources and sinks of all greenhouse gases. This purpose is more likely to require net-negative CO2, for which the SDS gives no detailed pathway.
Detrimental CO2 emissions might be offered by way of technological options, resembling bioenergy with carbon seize and storage (BECCS), or utilizing “pure local weather options”, resembling afforestation.
The IEA says that unfavourable emissions do certainly provide a technique that the SDS might turn into aligned to a 1.5C restrict. A cumulative whole of round 300bn tonnes of CO2 (GtCO2) would have to be eliminated to bridge this hole, it provides. There are considerations over the sustainability and deliverability of such in depth deployment, nonetheless, and these are acknowledged by the IEA.
The WEO says:
“[I]t could be attainable within the gentle of concern about [negative emissions technologies] to assemble a state of affairs that goes additional than the Sustainable Growth State of affairs and delivers a 50% probability of limiting warming to 1.5C with none reliance on net-negative emissions on the idea of a zero carbon world by 2050.”
[Other groups have developed a limited number of scenarios that already do this, which are included in the IPCC’s 1.5C report and the figure above.]
To transcend its SDS, the IEA says the world would want to deal with “arduous to abate” sectors, resembling aviation, heavy business and warmth for buildings. This would come with near-universal constructing retrofits and the event and retrofitting of recent applied sciences for industrial processes.
The IEA says this “wouldn’t quantity to a easy extension” of the adjustments within the SDS, as a substitute “pos[ing] challenges that may be very troublesome and really costly to surmount.” It provides that tackling a few of these areas would require social acceptance and behavioural change:
“This isn’t one thing that’s throughout the energy of the vitality sector alone to ship. It might be a job for society as an entire…Change on an enormous scale could be crucial throughout a really broad entrance, and would impinge immediately on the lives of virtually everybody.”
If the IEA had been to develop a 1.5C state of affairs, regardless of the challenges it will current, then the company’s modelling might be utilized by policymakers to tell their vitality and local weather decisions. Such steerage could be pertinent as governments rethink their local weather pledges beneath the Paris Settlement, with a contemporary spherical of “Nationally Decided Contributions” due in 2020.
Coal adjustments
The outlook contains varied adjustments since final yr’s version, reflecting shifts within the base yr – there was unusually robust progress in demand in 2018 – and new or amended coverage.
Consequently, the IEA has as soon as once more revised down its outlook for coal demand within the central STEPS pathway, because the chart beneath reveals (pink line). Nonetheless, it has additionally raised its near-term outlook for coal, partially as a consequence of China’s renewed reliance on smokestack industries to prop up flagging progress.
Historic international coal demand (black line, tens of millions of tonnes of oil equal) and the IEA’s earlier central eventualities for future progress (shades of blue). This yr’s STEPS is proven in pink and the SDS is in yellow. Supply: IEA World Power Outlook 2019 and former editions of the outlook. Chart by Carbon Temporary utilizing Highcharts.
Regardless of the near-term improve in anticipated demand, this yr’s outlook affirms that coal use would stay beneath the worldwide peak reached in 2014, if acknowledged plans and insurance policies are met as per the STEPS. However, this would depart coal demand considerably above the extent in its SDS, the place warming is proscribed to well-below 2C (yellow line, above).
In response to the STEPS, rising demand in India is likely one of the key components holding international coal use regular, regardless of fast falls in developed economies, such because the US and EU.
A part of the explanation for this improve in India is a big anticipated buildout of recent coal-fired energy stations, with 232GW of capability constructed by 2040 within the STEPS, roughly doubling its put in capability and accounting for a 3rd of worldwide additions.
The IEA says India’s coal capability progress might be reduce “sharply”, if declines in the price of battery storage are quicker than anticipated. Photo voltaic and low cost storage might “reshape the evolution of India’s energy combine”, the IEA says, providing a “very compelling financial and environmental proposition”.
Additionally it is value evaluating the 232GW of recent coal capability anticipated by the IEA, with India’s present pipeline of simply 85GW, of which 1 / 4 has been frozen in development for years.
One other 510GW of recent coal has been cancelled since 2010 as a consequence of competitors from cheaper renewables, monetary misery at utility corporations and public opposition.
As well as, the Indian authorities has repeatedly overestimated electrical energy demand progress, which means current coal capability is operating lower than two-thirds of the time. Furthermore, knowledge for 2019 up to now suggests India’s electrical energy era from coal might be declining.
The Indian authorities not too long ago introduced a extremely bold goal for photo voltaic, wind and biomass capability to succeed in 450GW, probably as quickly as 2030, when the IEA STEPS outlook sees simply 344GW having been added. If this goal is met, then wind, photo voltaic and different low-carbon sources might largely meet rising demand with out new coal, in line with latest Carbon Temporary evaluation.
Supersized photo voltaic?
Elsewhere within the electrical energy sector, the IEA’s central STEPS sees renewables surging and overtaking coal as the most important supply of energy by the mid-2020s. By 2040, low-carbon sources could be supplying greater than half of the world’s electrical energy wants – rising to 85% within the SDS.
(It’s value reiterating, nonetheless, that electrical energy accounts for under a fifth of ultimate vitality consumption in the present day, a determine that rises to 24% by 2040 within the STEPS or 31% within the SDS. This is likely one of the many explanation why renewables alone can not resolve the local weather problem.)
Notably, this yr’s STEPS has considerably elevated the prospects for renewables, elevating the photo voltaic whole for 2040 by 23% and that for wind by 11%. This revision, including 8% to the whole for non-hydro renewables (pink strains within the chart, beneath), sees them overtaking coal within the late 2030s.
The rise in anticipated renewable output is generally absorbed by increased demand, which means that era from different sources is comparatively unaffected. Carbon Temporary evaluation suggests the rise in 2040 demand relative to final yr’s outlook is principally as a consequence of increased demand within the base yr 2018, which will get compounded by 2% annual progress.
International electrical energy era, by gasoline, terawatt hours. Historic knowledge and the STEPS from WEO 2019 are proven with stable strains whereas the WEO 2018 is proven with dashed strains. Supply: IEA World Power Outlook 2019 and final yr’s version. Chart by Carbon Temporary utilizing Highcharts.
The WEO explains:
“On account of continued price reductions, photo voltaic PV turns into essentially the most aggressive supply of electrical energy in 2020 in China and India, and largely closes the hole with different sources by 2030 within the European Union and United States. Within the Said Insurance policies State of affairs, the worldwide common [levelised cost] of photo voltaic PV declines by about 50% from 2018 to 2030.”
It provides that price declines for wind and photo voltaic are “bolstering the financial case for switching immediately from coal to renewables”, fairly than utilizing fuel as a “bridge” to low-carbon sources.
It additionally factors to newly introduced US auctions for offshore wind, lower-than-expected costs in auctions across the EU and a softening of China’s shift in direction of subsidy-free renewables.
The IEA not too long ago printed an in-depth evaluate of the prospects for offshore wind, which it says “has the technical potential to satisfy in the present day’s electrical energy demand many occasions over” at prices set to be aggressive with fossil fuels inside a decade.
THREAD
Offshore wind has “close to limitless” potential & is “set to be aggressive with fossil fuels throughout the subsequent decade”, as prices fall 60% by 2040.
Generators will quickly be as giant because the Eiffel Tower.
Fairly superb stuff from in the present day’s new @IEA report.https://t.co/U8tV2P695i pic.twitter.com/EMn9x6tpe6
— Simon Evans (@DrSimEvans) October 25, 2019
The IEA says there can be an growing want to deal with challenges posed by variable wind and photo voltaic as they clutch the electrical energy sector: “Coverage makers and regulators must transfer quick to maintain up with the tempo of technological change and the rising want for versatile operation of energy techniques.”
Photo voltaic saga
Regardless of the massive upwards revision in photo voltaic output in 2040 beneath this yr’s STEPS, famous above, the IEA’s outlook for the expertise stays comparatively conservative in contrast with some others.
The IEA’s outlooks for photo voltaic have turn into one thing of a lightning rod for critics of the company’s work. It has made upwards revisions for photo voltaic capability progress in every successive version of the outlook, proven in shades of blue within the chart, beneath.
(Word that the chart reveals additions internet of retirements. These are initially negligible because the overwhelming majority of photo voltaic capability progress has been latest. The IEA assumes 298GW of photo voltaic retirements to 2040, suggesting it expects capability to modify off after round 25 years. Which means precise additions rise within the 2030s and past, fairly than apparently remaining comparatively flat as within the internet additions chart beneath.)
Annual internet additions of photo voltaic capability all over the world, gigawatts. Historic knowledge and an estimate for 2019 are proven in pink whereas central outlooks from successive editions of the WEO are proven in shades of blue. The WEO 2019 STEPS is proven in black. Supply: IEA World Power Outlook 2019 and former editions of the outlook. Chart by Carbon Temporary utilizing Highcharts.
The IEA attributes these successive upwards revisions largely to shifts in authorities coverage over time, particularly pointing to adjustments in China, which is the world’s largest marketplace for photo voltaic.
Delusion 2: #WEO underestimates renewables progress.
-False. Additions of renewables lead all sources in all eventualities. Monitor again and China’s coverage adjustments accelerated international progress. Sadly, in the remainder of the world, renewables are behind (!) the STEPS equal from WEO2009 pic.twitter.com/NAs2jyemFe— Brent Wanner (@WannerBrent) November 17, 2019
The IEA argues that following barely weaker photo voltaic progress in 2018, “a renewed acceleration in annual photo voltaic PV deployment, alongside enhanced efforts to make sure clean integration of the ensuing photo voltaic era into energy techniques, is important to succeed in local weather targets and different sustainable improvement objectives”.
The IEA’s comparatively conservative outlook for photo voltaic seems to relaxation partly on its use of a customary weighted common price of capital for all electrical energy era applied sciences, set at 7-8% relying on every nation’s stage of improvement.
This could have a really giant influence on the levelised price of electrical energy (LCOE) for a given challenge, because the IEA illustrates with regards to offshore wind. (Precise prices of capital for offshore wind in Europe have been nearer to 4%, sufficient to chop its LCOE from round $140 per megawatt hour to $100/MWh.)
One other issue might be the IEA concentrate on system “worth” fairly than upfront prices, illustrated by the “VALCOE” metric it developed for the WEO 2018.
The company says that price reductions don’t assure continued competitiveness “as a result of the system worth of photo voltaic PV tends to say no relative to the system common as its share of era rises”.
It is because photo voltaic output is concentrated in the midst of the day, with further capability including to produce and so partially eroding the worth commanded by already-built photo voltaic panels.
Regardless of additionally contemplating these kinds of points, another outlooks are way more bullish on photo voltaic capability progress. Whereas the IEA’s STEPS has photo voltaic additions of lower than 140GW annually by 2040, the BloombergNEF new vitality outlook sees photo voltaic additions topping 300GW by then. This increased determine is in keeping with deployment within the IEA’s target-focused SDS.
BloombergNEF can be extra bullish on wind capability progress, with the consequence that its outlook has electrical energy output from coal falling by half in 2050, fairly than holding regular as within the IEA’s STEPS.
Simon Evans was considered one of greater than 250 exterior peer reviewers that learn sections of the World Power Outlook in draft type.
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